• Gold is traditionally viewed as an age-old hedge against inflation and market volatility, and the precious metal’s price has surged amid President Donald Trump’s on-again, off-again tariff threats. Finding liquidity can still be tricky, however, and the risks are particularly high for smaller investors. 

It turns out tariffs are good news for goldbugs. As trade policy uncertainty and recession fears rattle markets, surging demand for safe-haven assets helped briefly drive the precious metal’s spot price above the milestone $3,000 mark for the first time on Friday, though it declined later in the day.   

A historic buying spree of bullion by central banks has helped spur a rally in recent years, but traders have been rewarded for their bets on the metal for some time. Gold prices have risen about 10-fold since 2000, per Bloomberg, while the S&P 500 has merely quadrupled. As interest in the metal picks up, however, smaller investors may especially want to think twice before adding bullion to their portfolios.

Gold isn’t as liquid as it’s often made out to be, Rob Haworth, a senior investment strategist at U.S. Bank Wealth Management, told Fortune. After all, it’s probably a stretch to say the metal is easily convertible into cash and exchangeable for other goods and services.

“You’re not sending gold to buy your Domino’s pizza,” he said.

In that same vein, the metal can be harder for smaller investors to buy and unload at a competitive price compared to institutions, which often have better access to gold markets and larger quantities of bullion to sell. 

Nonetheless, gold has long held appeal as a hedge against inflation and market volatility. Preliminary results from the University of Michigan’s famous consumer sentiment survey showed respondents are more pessimistic about the U.S. economy than they’ve been since 2022. Many consumers, including Republicans, said “frequent gyrations in economic policies” have made it difficult to plan financially, noted survey director Joanne Hsu.  

Beyond President Donald Trump’s on-again, off-again tariff threats, a general dearth of earnings news from companies has also helped cultivate an increasingly uncertain environment, Rob Haworth, a senior investment strategist at U.S. Bank Wealth Management, told Fortune.

“That’s where people seek safe havens,” he said, “and gold can be seen as that.”

Haworth is somewhat skeptical of the metal’s long-term prospects, but he noted inflation expectations in the Michigan survey spiked to 4.9%, up from 4.3% in February and the highest reading since November 2022. On the other hand, he said, fears of an economic contraction could weigh on gold prices. 

“Because everyone just needs liquidity at that point, right?” he said. “Everyone needs cash.”

While bullion’s nominal spot price has just reached an all-time high, gold’s inflation-adjusted peak of $3,800 came in 1980. That’s when America found itself in the throes of “stagflation,” or the unusual malaise of both runaway inflation and flagging growth.

Central banks dominate market

Central bank buying has fueled gold’s rally in recent years. As countries like China continue to push for de-dollarization, or weaning themselves off the world’s reserve currency, it likely serves as a massive tailwind for the metal. The U.S. dollar has weakened in recent weeks, which makes gold cheaper for foreign buyers since the metal’s price is quoted in greenbacks.  

Purchasing sprees from the likes of China, Poland, India, and Turkey have coincided with less foreign buying of U.S Treasuries, Haworth noted. Meanwhile, if tariffs force targeted nations to export less to America, he explained, they will have even less money to spend on U.S. debt.

“So that trend probably continues” Haworth said, “And it appears to be a goal, right, of current U.S. policy.”

As the Trump administration, which appears fixated on America’s trade deficits with other countries, attempts to reshape global trade, some investors also tout gold’s ability to preserve value amid macroeconomic turmoil.  

“We’ve seen that over centuries gold has been able to—despite the volatility—always mean-revert and always maintain its purchasing power, all while providing significant liquidity,” Thomas Kertsos, co-portfolio manager at First Eagle Investment Management, told Bloomberg.

But Haworth isn’t sure bullion provides that function for investors. That may be something to think about before rushing to Costco to buy more gold bars.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com

David Sacks and his investment firm Craft Ventures have divested more than $200 million in crypto holdings since President Donald Trump named Sacks as the White House’s AI and crypto czar, according to a Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, according to the memo. Sacks also held stock in the online brokerage Robinhood and the crypto exchange Coinbase. And he was a limited partner in the marquee crypto venture capital funds Multicoin Capital and Blockchain Capital, along with 90 other VCs.

While Sacks has divested most of his crypto holdings, he and Craft Ventures still hold equity in a suite of companies. His shares of the crypto custody firm BitGo and the Bitcoin protocol developer Lightning Labs are worth about 2.5% and 1.1% of his total assets, respectively, according to the memo. The government, however, has agreed to waive any conflicts of interest regarding Sacks and Craft Ventures’ ongoing stakes in crypto companies.

“I sold all my cryptocurrency (including BTC, ETH, and SOL) prior to the start of the administration,” Sacks said in a post on X earlier in March. 

He and his firm Craft Ventures did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Dated March 5, the memo on Sacks’ interests in the crypto industry follows social media rumblings that the AI and crypto czar risked mixing his own business with the government’s crypto dealings. After Trump posted in early March that certain cryptocurrencies, including Solana, would be included in a national crypto reserve, critics said that Sacks was boosting his own portfolio.

And more naysayers came out against Sacks once Trump officially authorized the creation of a strategic Bitcoin reserve and a digital assets stockpile later that week. “This is a direct transfer of wealth from the U.S. treasury to David Sacks and other crypto barons,” said Ryan Grim, who runs a popular account on X and a politics newsletter. 

Sacks countered that he had divested much of his cryptocurrency holdings, and crypto executives came to his defense. “He is doing tremendous work and will not be sharing in any of the economic upside to avoid even the slightest appearance of a conflict,” Cameron Winklevoss, cofounder of the crypto exchange Gemini, posted on X.

Trump named Sacks as his AI and crypto czar in December. The then incoming president said Sacks, who is a former executive at PayPal, would guide policy on the regulation of artificial intelligence and cryptocurrencies.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com

Our bodies—and guts, specifically—depend on a balance of bacteria to “maintain healthy blood sugar and cholesterol levels,” but “you gotta feed the bacteria.” So said Dr. Mehmet Oz—heart surgeon turned daytime TV host, ardent RFK Jr. supporter, believer in disproven COVID treatment hydroxychloroquine, and now possible head of Medicaid and Medicare for the Trump administration—who began his Senate confirmation process on Friday. 

To aid in that gut-balancing process, Oz has pushed the benefits of both prebiotics and probiotics, including in his role as global advisor for the iHerb brand of supplements. 

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Both have come under scrutiny recently, including through this week’s Washington Post opinion piece by Harvard medical school instructor and physician Trisha Pasricha, who called probiotics “a waste of money,” instead recommending a high-fiber diet. 

So which doctor is right? Here’s what science tells us. 

What are probiotics?

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a range of microorganisms, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, explains the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Dietary Supplements. And the activity and composition of those microorganisms (often known as the gut microbiome) can affect human health and disease.

Probiotics, according to the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics, are “live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts,” may benefit that gut microbiome composition. 

While they are naturally present in fermented foods—including the homemade turmeric sauerkraut Dr. Oz mentions in his Instagram post (above) about probiotics—they can also be added to food products, and are available as dietary supplements. 

“However,” notes the NIH, “not all foods and dietary supplements labeled as probiotics on the market have proven health benefits.”

That’s where a range of varied opinions come into play.

Who says what about probiotic supplements?

As Pasricha points out, of the over 1,000 clinical trials of probiotic supplements, there have been too many different strains tested and results found to reliably say they can be universally helpful. 

A 2024 review of existing evidence, published in the Advances in Nutrition journal, concluded that, on one hand, “there is sufficient evidence of efficacy and safety for clinicians and consumers to consider using specific probiotics for some indications—such as the use of probiotics to support gut function during antibiotic use or to reduce the risk of respiratory tract infections—for certain people.”

However, those researchers concluded, “we did not find a sufficiently high level of evidence to support unconditional, population-wide recommendations for other preventive endpoints we reviewed for healthy people. Although evidence for some indications is suggestive of the preventive benefits of probiotics, additional research is needed.”

When looking at the body of scientific evidence regarding effect of probiotics on seven different health issues, the NIH reports the following:

Atopic dermatitis

Numerous studies have looked at the effect of probiotics on this most common form of eczema. Overall, the evidence suggests that the use of probiotics might reduce the risk of developing atopic dermatitis, but also might provide only limited relief. The effects also depend on the strain used, the timing of administration, and the patient’s age.

Pediatric acute diarrhea

While one large review found that single- and multi-strain probiotics significantly shortened the duration of symptoms, another found it was no better than a placebo. 

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea

Overall, the available evidence suggests that starting probiotic treatment with strains LGG (Lactobacillus) or Saccharomyces boulardii within 2 days of the first antibiotic dose helps reduce the risk of diarrhea in patients between 18 and 64, but not in elderly adults.

Inflammatory bowel disease

IBD is a chronic inflammatory disease that includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, for which no cure exists. In the many reviews that have looked at the effects of probiotics, researchers reached similar conclusions—that certain probiotics might have modestly beneficial effects on ulcerative colitis but not on Crohn’s disease.

Irritable bowel syndrome

IBS is a common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that’s been linked to both stress and gut microbiomes. Overall, the available evidence shows that probiotics might reduce some symptoms, but stresses that additional clinical trials are needed to confirm the specifics of strain, dose, and duration of treatment.

High cholesterol

Researchers have studied the use of probiotics to improve lipid profiles. And while, overall, research suggests that using multiple probiotic strains might reduce total and LDL (bad) cholesterol levels, more research is needed.

Obesity

Again: More research is needed. The results, the NIH concludes, “indicate that the effects of probiotics on body weight and obesity might depend on several factors, including the probiotic strain, dose, and duration as well as certain characteristics of the user, including age, sex, and baseline body weight.” 

Bottom line: The jury is still out. Whether you opt to try the supplements or not (as they are generally believed to be harmless, though long-term safety studies are still needed), make sure to eat plenty of fiber as well as fermented foods. That includes yogurt, kefir, fermented cottage cheese, kimchi and other fermented vegetables (as endorsed by Oz), and kombucha tea, which were shown by Stanford University researchers to increase microbial diversity and lower inflammation.

More on supplements:

• This gastroenterologist says probiotics are ‘a waste of money.’ Here’s what you should be doing instead
• An expert says don’t waste your money on beetroot supplements—try this instead
• Coca-Cola is Olipop’s and Poppi’s latest prebiotic soda competitor. But are ‘healthy’ sodas actually good for you?

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com